1066 The Granada Massacre: A Moslem mob crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres c. 4,000 Jews

1419 Battle of La Rochelle: A Castilian fleet armed with cannon defeats a combined English-Hanseatic fleet

1460 Battle of Wakefield: The Duke of Somerset leads the Lancastrians in a decisive defeat of Richard of York

1803 In a ceremony at New Orleans, the United States takes possession of Louisiana from France

1813 The British burn Buffalo, NY

1853 The Gadsden Purchase: The US buys what are now southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico

1918 Anarchists bomb the homes of three prominent Philadelphians, no one is killed, one wounded

1935 Italian bombers destroy a Swedish Red Cross unit in Ethiopia

1936 Premier performance of Bronislaw Huberman's newly formed "Orchestra of Exiles", conducted by Arturo Toscanini in Jerusalem

1941 The Philippine 91st Division collapses, uncovering the right flank of the Bambam-Gapan line, forcing Fil-Am forces to retreat as the Japanese capture Gapan.

1941 Japanese troops occupy Kuantan, on the east coast of Malaya

1943 Bougainville: Fijian troops reconnoiter behind Japanese lines

1943 The Royal Navy dispatches two carriers, two battleships, a battlecruiser, and seven destroyers from Britain to join the British Far Eastern Fleet

1944 USAAF aircraft attack Japanese shipping in the Manila Bay area

1959 USS 'George Washington' (SSBN-598) is commissioned, the first ballistic missile sub

1972 Pres Nixon halts bombing of North Vietnam & announces peace talks

1997 Wilaya of Relizane Massacre: Algerian Islamists slaughter c. 400 people in a rampage through four villages during Ramadan.